A supercomputer is a computer that leads the world in terms of processing capacity, particularly speed of calculation, at the time of its introduction. (The term Super Computing was first used by New York World newspaper in 1920 to refer to the large custom built tabulators IBM had made for Columbia University.) Supercomputers introduced in the 1960s were designed primarily by Seymour Cray at Control Data Corporation (CDC), and led the market into the 1970s until Cray left to form his own company, Cray Research. He then took over the supercomputer market with his new designs, holding the top spot in supercomputing for 5 years (1985–1990). In the 1980s a large number of smaller competitors entered the market, in a parallel to the creation of the minicomputer market a decade earlier, but many of these disappeared in the mid-1990s "supercomputer market crash". Today, supercomputers are typically one-of-a-kind custom designs produced by "traditional" companies such as IBM and Hewlett-Packard, who had purchased many of the 1980s companies to gain their experience, although Cray Inc. still specializes in building supercomputers.

UniCOS is the UNIX-like operating system of some Cray Research supercomputers, such as the Cray X-MP, SV, X1, XT, and SX series. It provides network clustering, and binary compatibility layers for some other unices. There are several different distributions of UniCOS available, include UNICOS/mp, UNICOS/lc, and UNICOS/ls.Category:Unixde:Unicos

The Connection Machine was a series of supercomputers that grew out of Danny Hillis's research in the early 1980s at Massachusetts Institute of Technology on alternatives to the traditional von Neumann architecture of computation. The CM-1, originally conceived of at MIT, was a "massively parallel" hypercube arrangement of thousands of very simple processors, each with its own Random Access Memory.Image:Thinking_machines_cm2.jpgThe Connection Machine (MIT Press Series in Artificial Intelligence) (ISBN 0262081571) . The title is out of print as of 2005. The book provides an overview of the philosophy, architecture and software for the Connection Machine, including data routing between CPU nodes, memory handling, Lisp programming for parallel machines, etc.

Convex Computer was a company that produced a number of Vector processor minisupercomputers, supercomputers for small-to-medium-sized businesses. Their later Exemplar series of parallel computing machines were based on the Hewlett-Packard PA-RISC CPU series, and in 1995, HP bought the company. Exemplar machines were offered for sale by HP for some time, and Exemplar technology was used in HP's V-Class machines.Convex was formed in 1982 by Bob Paluck and Steve Wallach in Richardson, Texas. It was originally named Parsec. They planned on producing a machine very similar in architecture to the Cray Research vector processor machines, with a somewhat lower performance, but with a much better price/performance ratio. In order to lower costs, the Convex designs were not as technologically aggressive as Cray's, and were based on more mainstream chip technology, attempting to make up for the loss in performance in other ways.
Convex ex-employees website, Long Live Convex,

Image:BlueGeneL-600x450.jpgBlue Gene is a computer architecture project designed to produce several next-generation supercomputers, designed to reach operating speeds in the FLOPS range, and currently reaching speeds over 100 FLOPS. It is a cooperative project between the United States Department of Energy (who are funding the project), industry (IBM in particular), and academia. There are five Blue Gene projects in development, among them Blue Gene/L, Blue Gene/C, and Blue Gene/P.Image:LLNL BGL Diagram.png

My name is Giuseppe Maurice Charles Carbonaro.I made contributions on the following subjects:<table border=3>Physics</td><td>* Supercomputers(added latest developments)Philosophy(added considerations about his point of view on aesthetics)</td>Politics(added journalists that have been banned by his regime)</td>Psychology(added computers, books to the phallic symbols)</tr>User_talk:little_guru

:For the district (japan) in Saga prefecture, Japan, see Fujitsu, Saga.Fujitsu (富士通) is a Japanese company specializing in semiconductors, computers (supercomputers, personal computers, servers), telecommunications, and services, and is headquartered in Tokyo. Fujitsu Limited reported consolidated revenues of 5.00 trillion yen for the fiscal year which ended March 31, 2002.The company was established in 1935 under the name Fuji Tsūshinki Seizō (富士通信機製造, Fuji Telecommunications Equipment Manufacturing), a spinoff of the Fuji Electric, this in turn being a joint venture between the Furukawa Electric and German conglomerate Siemens AG. Despite its connections to the Furukawa zaibatsu, Fujitsu escaped the Allied occupation of Japan mostly unscathed.
Fujitsu Global, Company history,

UNICORE (UNiform Interface to COmputing REsources) is a Grid computing technology that provides seamless, secure, and intuitive access to distributed Grid resources such as supercomputers or cluster systems and information stored in databases. UNICORE was developed in two projects funded by the German ministry for education and research (BMBF). In various European-funded projects UNICORE has evolved to a full-grown and well-tested Grid middleware system over the years. UNICORE is used in daily production at several supercomputer centers world-wide. Beyond this production usage, UNICORE serves as a solid basis in many European and international research projects. The UNICORE technology is open source under BSD licence and available at SourceForge, where new releases are published on a regular basis.
[1], [2], [3], [4], [5], [6], [7], [8], [9], [10], [11], [12],

Numerical weather prediction is the science of predicting the weather using "models" of the atmosphere and computational techniques. Manipulating the huge datasets and performing the complex calculations necessary to do this on a resolution small enough to make it accurate requires some of the most powerful supercomputers in the world.
A model, in this context, is one or more computer programmes that output meteorological information for future times. Weather forecasting organisations often develop their own models; comparing the output of different models can indicate the reliability of the forecast - if several models give the same result, it is probably correct, but if different models give different forecasts for the same place at the same time, the chances of any one model being correct are low. Models often have their own quirks and known biases, and human intervention and intepretation is often needed to remove these.
Wetterzentrale, NOAA GFS and NAM pages, NOAA Supercomputers,

An IBM mainframe is a large, high-performance computer made by IBM. Mainframe computers traditionally are expensive, physically large, and have high transaction processing and input/output performance, but are not as expensive and high-performance as supercomputers.*IBM 650 (business/data processing)*IBM 1401 (business/data processing)The primary operating systems in use on IBM mainframes include z/OS (which followed MVS and OS/390), z/VM (previously VM/CMS), z/VSE, z/TPF, and Linux on zSeries. A few systems still run MUSIC/SP, another operating system. Previous operating systems for the System/360 family and its successors included OS/360 (with PCP, MFT, and MVT), BOS, TOS, DOS/360, and SVS. There are software-based emulators for the System/370, System/390, zSeries, and ZSeries hardware, including FLEX-ES and the freely available Hercules emulator which runs under Linux and Microsoft Windows. The original OS/360 and early MVS and VM/CMS versions have been released for free use.
Official IBM mainframe page (zSeries/z9),

Top 500 Supercomputers
Ranking of supercomputers according to the LINPACK benchmark. Links to news articles.
www.top500.org
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CS 3604 Assignment 2: Supercomputers, Spring 1997
CS 3604 Assignment 2: Supercomputers, Spring 1997 .. by
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What is supercomputer? - A Word Definition From the Webopedia...
Supercomputers used in medical diagnosis From Cornell's Forefronts publication, this article focuses on how supercomputers help in the medical...
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Information on supercomputers
This page provides free information about supercomputers...
www.wkonline.com
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Cray Inc - The Supercomputer Company
Official site for the supercomputers company. Includes details of products, job opportunities, and investor information.
www.cray.com
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Supercomputers and Parallel Computers
Pictures and information about current supercomputers and parallel computers...
www.cs.cmu.edu
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Supercomputers
Supercomputers Overview Supercomputers can be defined as the most advanced and powerful computers, or array of computers, in existence at the time of...
www.infoweblinks.com
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Welcome to NCSA
Information about supercomputing and computing applications, as well as information on research the center is conducting.
www.ncsa.uiuc.edu
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ECMWF Supercomputer History

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